LR is designed around its catalog - if you don’t want to deal with the catalog, you should think twice about using LR as a raw converter and post processor. But “dealing” with the catalog, while confusing at first, turns what can be a messy task otherwise into a much more useable workflow.
LR lets you use any folder structure or organization you choose. You simply import the images in your folder into the catalog without moving them. But I (and many users) find that standardizing on an extremely simple folder structure works best. For instance, I use:
MasterCat/yyyy/yyyy-mm-dd [shoot name]
for my structure. While I could search for and find an image by looking for e.g. “Taylor’s Birthday Party”, LR offers the ability to attach keywords to any image (or grouped of images at one time). So I have keywords like “Family Group Shot”, “Musicians”, etc. You can also bulk attach locations, peoples names, or any other descriptive info you like. These capabilities remove one of the major reasons I used to reorganize my folders as I thought differently about how I wanted to search for files.
The next feature is that all edits are non-destructive. This has the obvious advantage that you can undo any edits at any time. But it also has the subtle advantage that you don’t need to “save” eg the finished jpg from your edits. The is no notion of “save”. You simply do the edits, then print, or export to a file, or email to a friend, or post on Instagram as desired.
You can also create “virtual copies”, so for instance you could have a square crop for Instagram but a 4x3 crop for printing if you desire. No new image files are ever created for this - there’s merely an additional entry in the catalog, in the same folder structure as the original, but with “..Copy 1” appended to the name. Again, you never need to move the original file anywhere.
LR lets you keep an image in Collections, which are manually or automatically maintained according to your criteria as you add new images to the catalog. So I have a Collection of Musicians, of Flowers, of Bridges, etc. But the original image files are still in their original folders.
So the result of this is that I never move my images around on disk unless I’m actually restructuring my storage system, like installing a new larger drive. Then it’s a simple matter of moving the folder(s) in LR and it all continues to work as before.